Noise Models¶
Noise studies use PennyLane mixed-state simulation to evaluate robustness under consistent channels across supported workflows.
(1)¶\[\mathcal{E}(\rho) =
(1-p)\rho
+
\frac{p}{3}
(X\rho X + Y\rho Y + Z\rho Z)\]
The depolarizing channel in (1) is used as an isotropic benchmark noise model.
Noise channels implemented via PennyLane mixed-state simulation.
Supported channels:
depolarizing noise
amplitude damping
Noise placement:
applied between circuit operations
consistent across VQE, QPE, and evaluation stages
Depolarizing channel¶
\[
\mathcal{E}(\rho)
=
(1-p)\rho
+
\frac{p}{3}
(X\rho X
+
Y\rho Y
+
Z\rho Z)
\]
Produces isotropic decoherence.
Amplitude damping¶
\[\begin{split}
E_0 =
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & \sqrt{1-p}
\end{pmatrix}
\quad
E_1 =
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & \sqrt{p} \\
0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\end{split}\]
Models relaxation toward ground state.
Typical evaluation metrics¶
Noise studies examine:
energy deviation
convergence stability
excitation ordering robustness
optimizer sensitivity